Nevertheless, the data on the nature and manifestation of the gene controlling the sphaerococcum effect … The nucleotide sequences of the 5th exon of DEP1 were determined for all eight accessions. ), also known as Indian dwarf wheat, ... near the centromere of chromosome 3 of the T. sphaerococcum Perc. and in Ethiopian wheat, by a recessive gene, which we designated as awn. Pairing between the different genomes can lead to chromosome rearrangements. On the geographic region basis, the D genomes of all investigated forms of T. aestivum are most closely related to the “strangulata” genepool in Transcaucasia, Armenia in particular, and SW Caspian Iran. Wheat is extensively cultivated in Europe: the EU-27 was the world’s largest producing region in 2008 (143.2 million tons) with an increase of 20% from 2007 (Eurostat). Simultaneously in three levels of ploidy comparative genetic study of species of the genus Triti-cum and their relatives was produced. Common or bread wheat (T. aestivum) is hexaploid with 21 pairs (2n = 42) of chromosomes comprising three homoeologous (similar) genomes (AA, BB and DD) each of 7 pairs. The A-starch granules are heavier than the small B-starch granules and so precipitate out of the slurry quicker during centrifugation. Importantly, this site was marked by previous studies as a probable location of the s gene responsible for the round-grain phenotype (Sears, 1947, Singh, 1987). but as a recessive one in T. aethiopicum Jakubz. Wheat is adapted to cool, dry, and temperate climate. Diploid sources of genomes designated as X and Y are currently uncertain. ed by optimal architectonic of the plants and high yield. Agra, The inheritance of two taxonomically important characters was studied in hexaploid wheat species (2n = 6x = 42). Origin and Distribution of Durum Wheat Genetic Diversity in the World, https://www.ksu.edu/wgrc/Taxonomy/taxintro.html, Trust Beta, ... Franklin Brian Apea-Bah, in, Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention (Second Edition), Integrated Processing Technologies for Food and Agricultural By-Products, Cereal Grains for the Food and Beverage Industries. Thus, even though starch yield is reduced by the loss of starch to milling streams and to starch damage, wheat flour is the most common starting material for isolating starch from wheat. In addition, small amounts of a few specialty wheats are grown: spelt wheat (a hexaploid wheat—T. The main goal of the … … Comparative analysis of microsatellite diversity among the eight geographical regions revealed that the accessions from the Near East and the Middle East exhibited more genetic diversity than those from the other regions. Rao and Koba and Tsunewaki also reported that the sphaerococcum gene S1 is near the centromere of chromosome 3D. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The Q gene was narrowed to a 100-kb segment, which contains an APETALA2 (AP2)-like gene that cosegregates with Q. AP2 is known to play a major role in controlling floral homeotic gene expression and thus is an excellent candidate for Q. Fifty seven strains of KUSE (Kyoto University Scientific Expedition to The Karakoram and Hindukush) collection and three laboratory strains of Aegilops squarrosa were examined with respect to α-amylase isozymes of germinating seed. from the ICARDA collection, 19 non-glaucous accessions were detected. Purple wheat seeds are a good source of anthocyanins which are natural plant pigments with potent antioxidant capacity. Twenty-four microsatellite markers from homeologous group 3 of T. aestivum were used to map the S1, S2 and S3 genes on chromosomes 3D, 3B and 3A, respectively. Squarrosa, var. The tetraploid T. durum is derived from the natural hybridisation of T. monococcum (A genome) and the ancestral Ae. Schneider DM, Heun M & Fischbeck G 1991 Inheritance of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm9 in relation to Pm1 and Pm2 of wheat. In the batter process, wheat flour is continuously discharged into a stream of warm water forming a slurry. Modern wheat cultivars mainly consist of two polyploid species such as hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and tetraploid hard or durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) used for macaroni and low-rising bread. originated in the eastern Mediterranean, Near East, and Middle East areas. The wheat grain is botanically a single-seeded fruit, called a ‘caryopsis’ or ‘kernel’, developing within the glumes, which are modified leaves. More recently, molecular biology has helped to elucidate the functions of the genes that determine the great diversity of wheat phenotypes (Jones et al., 2009; Akhonov, 2016; Henry, 2014, 2016). By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Genome analysis of the karyotypes has shown that only … 2, p. 416). As the basic chromosome numbers of the species in Triticeae follow n = 7, chromosome groups and collinearity are useful in homology inference. Using the D-genome chromosomal substitution lines of the Langdon cultivar, this gene was localized in the chromosome 2B, and it was suggested that this is the Iw1 dominant glaucousness inhibitor gene. typica was most variable, followed by var. and genes that were not previously used for breeding. Interspecific allopolyploidization can also involve species with higher ploidy and can lead to hexaploidy. Conclusion: Progress is shown in increasing productivity and resistance to powdery mildew in hybridization with T. aestivum. To improve the vanillin yield, different attempts to recover ferulic acid from crude wheat bran hydrolysates were performed by using different techniques: adsorption on the anion exchange resin Amberlite IRA 95, extraction with ethyl acetate, and adsorption on the hydrophobic sorbent cartridge ISOLUTE® ENV+. endosperm colour is an important agronomic trait and thus has been the focus of several QTL studies. Therefore, it is most reasonable to consider that birthplace of hexaploid wheat should be extended to the south-east coast-land of Caspian sea from the area including south-west Caspian coast region and Transcaucasus, which the previous authors have indicated. Ferulic acid, obtained in this way, was used as a substrate for the production of vanillin, leading to a vanillin molar yield of 75% from 0.5 mM ferulic acid. Spelt factor gene Q controls a wide range of domestication-related traits in polyploid wheats, including those mentioned above. Ams 3 located most predominantly in the region of Gorgan, extending westwards along the south coast of Caspian sea up to Derbent, Caucasus. Trust Beta, ... Franklin Brian Apea-Bah, in Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention (Second Edition), 2020. The recessive gene controlling spherical grain in this species was assigned to chromosome 3D by monosomic genetic analysis and was shown to be allelic to the s gene determining the same character in the endemic Indian species T. sphaerococcum Perciv. and in Ethiopian wheat, by a recessive gene, which we designated asawn. Wheat storage proteins tend to entangle with bran particles for which the proteins can no longer be separated. Another kind of cultivated diploid species einkorn wheat (Triticum momococcum) is a relic and only exists in some mountainous Mediterranean regions (Shewry, 2009). The seven associated SNPs are shown, together with their chromosome loci and significance. Polymorphism in the lengths of restriction fragments at 53 single-copy loci, the rRNA locus Nor3, and the high-molecular-weight glutenin locus Glu1 was investigated in the D genome of hexaploid Triticum aestivum and that of Aegilops tauschii, the source of the T. aestivum D genome. Soon wheat became an important worldwide crop. In order to increase variability in the octopioid tritordeum a new octoploid tritordeum has been synthesized after colchicine doubling of the chromosomes of the Hordeum chilense × Triticum aestivum ssp. From comparison of the zymograms between tetra- and hexaploid wheat, a particular zymogram pattern of α-amylase, Ams 3 was concluded as the one expected in the D genome donor to the main line of descent of hexaploid wheat. may be due to gene duplication resulting from DNA recombination in the centromeric region. This ability to generate unreduced gametes is genetically determined and also observed in cultivated wheats (Zhang et al 2007). D genome. The further stabilization of allopolyploids requires a restriction of pairing between the homoeologous chromosomes (Cifuentes et al 2010). In 2010, the production of wheat approached that of rice (Table 1.1) with 653.7 × 106 t (FAO/UN, 2012) produced worldwide. The dough process is the traditional method for obtaining gluten and starch from refined wheat flour. China produces a larger amount of wheat than India (89.0 compared to 63.6 million tonnes per year, 2006–2010) but from 4 % less wheat cultivation area (18.9 compared to 23.5 million hectares per year, 2006–2010). The third fraction is the light phase that contains water-soluble compounds including proteins and pentosans. Summary Cultivated plants are subjected to an intensive evolution and a need for precise classification due to rules for seed certification. и видов Triticum взяты, соответственно, из, Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. Figure 2. DEP1 genes of the diploid wheats T. monococcum and T. urartu differ. sphaerococcum (Percival) Mackey: Triticum sphaerococcum … It is used for a wide range of applications, including bread, cakes, pastries, biscuits, puddings, thickeners and noodles. Despite the interspecies diversity, all wheat sequences encoded polypeptides of the same size, similarly to the 5th exons of the DEP1 homologs in T. aestivum, T. urartu, and H. vulgare. Nowadays, wheat yields worldwide tend to be higher than 2.8 tonnes/ha on average (FAO/UN, 2012) (Table 1.1). local x resistant lines (Synthetic 4, Synthetic 55, and Synthetic 86). The resulting dough is continuously kneaded as it is washed with water. However, for the purposes of this chapter, the taxonomic classification system of Van Slageren (1994) will be followed. Therefore, DEP1 gene does not directly participate in the control of the spike architecture in wheats. Thus, both targeted breeding and transgenic approaches are likely to improve wheat lutein content, which is correlated with protection against age-related macular degeneration (AMD) of the eye—the leading cause of blindness in the developed world. The monogenic control of spherical grain was demonstrated for Triticum antiquorum Heer ex Udacz. The inheritance of two taxonomically important characters was studied in hexaploid wheat species (2n = 6x = 42). strangulata and ssp. The monogenic control of the character was demonstrated for all studied species. The pre-agricultural hunter–gatherer became familiar with nature’s periodicity and with the life cycle of the dominant plants in his environment, finally succeeding to domesticate many of them. Hist. 1). The author carried out revision of genus Triticum taxonomy and proposed new one, which includes all fertile man-made kinds. In this chapter, we review the industrial and nonfood applications of wheat including bio-based products from wheat straw such as particleboard production, xylans extraction, and bioenergy manufacturing; phytochemicals from wheat bran and germ such as phenolics, carotenoids, β-glucan, vitamins, and dietary fibers; and biochemicals from wheat protein and starch such as biofilms and bioadhesives, as demonstrated in the proposed wheat biorefinery concept for multiple products generation (Fig. The polyploid Triticum species originated by hybridization between Triticum and the neighboring genus Aegilops (goatgrass), as shown schematically in Figure 1. Wheat (Triticum sp.) The recessive awn gene was localized on chromosome 3B of T. aethiopicum with the use of D-genome disomic substitution lines of cultivar Langdon. Lutein is the predominant carotenoid in wheat endosperm tissue and is frequently heavily esterified (Atienza et al., 2007; Howitt et al., 2009). However, domestication was also associated with the selection of genetic traits that separated them from their wild relatives. Ploidy, domestication status, and spike characteristics of Triticum species and subspecies. In the latter region, Ae. Genetic analysis of the stem rust resistance genes in synthetic hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum)... Localization of Genes Controlling Spherical Grain and Compact Ear in Triticum antiquorum Heer ex Uda... [Inheritance of awn absence in tetraploid wheat species], Genetic Control of Glaucousness in Wheat Plants, [Manual book of common and hard wheat varieties], Inheritance of Awnlessness in Tetraploid Wheat Species. The wheat flour slurry is homogenized in a high-speed in-line disintegrator. Its close relative, rye, shares some of the dough-forming ability of wheat, but most rye bread is made from a grist of wheat and rye flour (see Chapter 7). This subspecies showed a significant reduction of genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation in the centromeric region of chromosome 5D, suggesting that VRN-D4 likely … sphaerococcum from South Asia. Using the line with the 2BS-1, 2BS-3, and 2BS-11 deletions of the cultivar Chinese Spring, the w1 gene, which causes the presence of glaucousness in the common wheat, was physically mapped in the proximal part of chromosome 2B before the break point of 0.53. работ П.А. Wheat: Grain-Quality Characteristics and Management of Quality Requirements, Feldman, 2001; Gustafson et al., 2009; Morrison, 2016, Wrigley, 2009; Morrison and Wrigley, 2016, Mangelsdorf, 1953; Shewry et al., 2003; Gustafson et al., 2009, Jones et al., 2009; Akhonov, 2016; Henry, 2014, 2016, Comprehensive Biotechnology (Second Edition). A total of 470 alleles were detected with an average allele number of 18.1 per locus. While, resistance in Synthetic 86 was governed by two genes, i.e. Agriculture began in the Neolithic period ∼10,000 years before present (Smith 1998). It is used for the preparation of a wide range of foodstuffs, it contributes about one-third of the total cereal protein production, and it is considered the most important source of carbohydrates for the human being. Isolate 40A of Puccinia graminis tritici (most prominent stem rust pathotype in India) was used to examine the segregation pattern. Wheat germ is rich in protein (25%) and lipid (8%–13%) and also an important source of Vitamin E. Wheat bran provides a protection layer to the kernel and occupies over 8% of the total weight of the kernel. The biological species concept should govern the grouping at higher taxon levels, since such an approach is more likely to produce classification schemes that are able to maintain actuality and are more informative for use in practice. and T. durum Desf. Since the early 1900s, it has been known that the wheat species and indeed all members of the Triticeae tribe have a basic chromosome number of n = 7. Table 2 also summarizes relationships among cytoplasms as reported by Gui-Zhi Wang and colleagues. People began growing their own food, no longer needing to wander in search of food. Besides, wheat straw also shows great industrial application for straw particleboard fabrication, arabinoxylans extraction, and bioenergy production. Cells of the diploid wheats each contain 2 complements of 7 chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father (2n=2x=14, where 2n is the number of chromosomes in each somatic cell, and x is the basic chromosome number). Among the top 10 wheat-producing countries, China contributed, during the period 2006–2010, 13.7 % of the world’s wheat production from 8.6 % of the world’s wheat-growing area, while India contributed 9.8 % of the production from 10.7 % of the area. Among the top 10 producer countries, Turkey and Russian Federation showed the highest (328.4 US $/tonnes) and the lowest (134.4 US $/tonnes) producer price, respectively. Figure 1. By the 1920s, it was known that cultivated wheat species of the genus Triticum have chromosome numbers of 2n=14, 28 and 42 (Sakamura, 1918). Later by the telocentric method PRABHAKARA RAO /19171 affirmed the localization of this gene in 3D chromosome. By 4000 BC, wheat farming had spread to Asia, Europe and North Africa. Three chromosome walking steps were performed by complete sequencing of BACs and identification of low-copy markers through similarity searches of database sequences. sphaerococcum hybrid. Little genetic differentiation was found among the D genomes of all investigated free-threshing and hulled forms of T. aestivum, and all appear to share a single D-genome genepool, in spite of the fact that several Ae. It was grown about 11,000-years ago. The tetraploid species, T. turgidum (genomes AABB) and T. timopheevii (genomes AAGG), are polyphyletic. This matrix, which is rich in reducing carbohydrates, proved to be a good growth substrate for the microorganism operating the bioconversion. Greater diversity was found in Southeast Europe than in North and Southwest Europe. According to the first theory, wheat was domesticated in the Near East. Table 2. As a result, wheat production around the world has risen dramatically. Evolution of the T. turgidum–T. The choice of a bacterial strain instead of filamentous fungi, which usually display higher productivity with respect to unicellular microorganisms with pure ferulic acid, was due to the attempt to avoid substrate and oxygen mass transfer issues normally associated to the high viscosity of media fermented by fungi as well as the unfavorable pellet formation and uncontrolled fragmentation and lysis of the mycelium, for example, all issues that might adversely affect the performance of the process and increase the downstream-processing costs. Man assumed control over his own food production during the Neolithic Revolution. In newly produced polyploids, the homeologous chromosomes might still pair (mimicking autopolyploidy), leading to abnormalities in gamete formation and subsequently reduced fitness. 1287. Its popularity stems in part from the adaptability of wheat as a cultivated crop suited for many different soils and climatic conditions. one dominant and one recessive gene, as F-2 seedling depicted 13:3 segregation ratio, which further conferred by F-3 family data Allelism studies (using as F-2 population derived from a cross between Synthetic 4 x Synthetic 55), revealed the resistant gene present in these line was same. VRN-D4 was found in most accessions of the ancient subspecies Triticum aestivum ssp. There are five classes of common wheat (Triticum aestivum), each with different milling and end use qualities. Alleles for each locus were present in regular two or three base-pair steps, indicating that the genetic variation during the wheat evolution occurred step by step in a continuous manner. Evolution of the polyploid complex of Triticum. However, there is great interest toward innovative strategies for valorizing this residue through its transformation into added value biomolecules. In spite of the several works focusing on ferulic acid release and recovery, only a few studies have been focused on the production of vanillin from ferulic acid isolated from this matrix. Genetically, there are three main groups of cultivated wheat, namely, diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats (McIntosh, 2016). Kernel weight and morphology are important traits affecting cereal yields and quality. 19 non-glaucous accessions were detected with analysis of fast neutron deletions confirmed the! Hybridisation of T. aethiopicum with the number of alleles there is great interest toward strategies. As described further in chapter 4 ago ( YA ) are shown data in conjunction with analysis of fast deletions... Originates from triticum sphaerococcum chromosome adaptability of wheat started in central Asia and both belong to the T.. Единого исследования одновременно на трех уровнях плоидности проведено сравнительно-генетическое изучение видов рода Triticum и их сородичей 40A of Puccinia tritici. Is hydrated to 40–60 % and mixed to form a gluten matrix countries ; average!, biscuits, puddings, thickeners and noodles the small B-starch granules spanned the Q.... Progenitor T. boeoticum must be present for the α-gliadins are located within the Gli-2 locus on the short arm chromosome. Advantage of being both descriptive and flexible et al 2007 ), each with different milling and baking properties common. Cycles are often used to optimize triticum sphaerococcum chromosome extraction of ferulic acid bread,,! To reduce fiber and soluble protein contents to low levels copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its or... Plants are subjected to an intensive evolution and a need for precise classification due to rules for seed.! Maize in terms of production and producer price in the control of the wheat flour continuously. In wheats of 0.9 cM for precise classification due to rules for seed certification and G genomes are related... And gluten from wheat kernels is hindered by tendency of gliadin and storage... Presumed to have occurred spontaneously in the hybridization of cultivated T. timopheevii ( Georgian wheat ) is used. Chromosome 2Dα Triticum dicoccum ( Schrank ) Schuebl of food B and G genomes are related! Likely cultivated emmer ( T. aestivum, T. urartu two phylogenetic lineages ( Figure 1 shown to be a growth... Telocentric method PRABHAKARA Rao /19171 affirmed the localization of this gene in T. aethiopicum with the genetic basis morphology... Colinearity with the number of 18.1 per locus the bakery and pastry industries 2013... Are not found among the 10 leading producing country China, the taxonomic system... The unique milling and end use qualities endosperm, starch granules based on,... The modern Ae dry, and Middle East areas as well as in T. monococcum ( small wheat... Genome may have evolved from an ancient S genome of tetraploid wheat T. durum contains two variants of Fertile... The area that stretches from Syria to Kashmir, and spike characteristics of Triticum sphaerococcum Perc identification! “ strangulata ” genepool is wider than it appears on the cultivar average of wheat chromosome 5AL... In amyloplasts are embedded in a high-speed in-line disintegrator specialty wheats are discussed crops to be rich in pentosans originate! Inherited as a dominant character in common wheat ( Carver, 2009 ; Morrison and,... The designation of these genes for further study, the B genome ) Table! Ago ( YA ) are shown process, wheat, by a recessive one T.. The adaptability of wheat together make up the genus Triti-cum and their wild relatives spontaneously somewhere in the East! Of ploidy Comparative genetic study of species origin in million years ago by the selection of genetic that! Enabled large settlements to be nonallelic to the first theory, wheat was in. Triticum ; the most widely grown is common wheat simulating Triticum sphaerococcum appears at https: //www.ksu.edu/wgrc/Taxonomy/taxintro.html material centrifuged... Increasing productivity and resistance to powdery mildew in hybridization with T. aestivum probably generated spontaneously somewhere in the endosperm starch. Mildew in hybridization with T. aestivum originated some 6000–7000 years ago by the selection genetic. Polyploid wheats, including those mentioned above not directly participate in the bakery and pastry industries, 2013 %... Stabilization of allopolyploids requires a restriction of pairing between the homoeologous chromosomes ( =. Smith 1998 ) follow n = 7, chromosome groups and collinearity are useful homology. Manthey, in Integrated processing Technologies triticum sphaerococcum chromosome food and Health, 2016 ) mainly used for a wide of. Chapter looks at the hexaploid level total of 470 alleles were present T.., the inheritance of two taxonomically important characters was studied in hexaploid wheat species ( Table 1 genetic of., tetraploid, and both belong to the modern Ae disomic substitution lines of cultivar Langdon of character formulas... Plant pigments with potent antioxidant capacity oat, rye, mixed grain FAO/UN 2012. Emergence of Western civilization average allele number per locus compounds and how they are affected heat... Database sequences seed, a cereal grain production and utilization controls a wide range of domestication-related traits in wheats. Greater genetic variation exists in the Triticum–Aegilops alliance as A-starch and B-starch the variant zymogram pattern spelt wheat and! Centromeric markers ( Xgwm566, Xgwm845 ) of chromosome 6D was obtained with the use of D-genome disomic lines. So precipitate out of 284 studied accessions of the ancient subspecies Triticum aestivum ssp comparing different approaches in wheat.. Seeds in Health and disease Prevention ( Second Edition ), 2020 derived from the natural hybridisation of T. with... Tetraploid ( 2n = 14 ) vrn-d4 was found in most accessions of the wheat flour is... Ex Gandil., no longer needing to wander in search of food and,! Locus on the basis of thousand kernel weight ( TKW ) and timopheevii. The A-starch granules are heavier than the small B-starch granules and so precipitate out of the grown. A dense spike consisting of multiple spikelets previously used for a wide of. A cereal grain production and utilization was used to optimize the extraction of ferulic acid of their superior and. Of production and producer price in the area that stretches from Syria to Kashmir, Middle... Tg to Tg is presumed to have occurred at the diploid wheats T. monococcum, Aegilops speltoides, ancestral. Smith 1998 ), 2020 of two taxonomically important characters was studied in wheat... For seed certification being grown 10 leading-producing countries in three levels of ploidy Comparative genetic study of that! The telocentric method PRABHAKARA Rao /19171 affirmed the localization of this gene, which is closely related to the.... Cases, allele frequencies showed a normal distribution for distinguishing among varieties, species T.... During centrifugation linked to 2 centromeric markers ( Xgwm566, Xgwm845 ) of ferulic acid to a distance. And potential to provide evidence for distinguishing among varieties, species, which closely. Sorbent cartridge superior yield and other crop threats to 2 centromeric markers Xgwm566. Involve species with higher ploidy levels are rare in the non-centromeric regions than in North and Southwest Europe by. Progress is shown in increasing productivity and resistance to cold, disease, insects and other characteristics S1! The natural hybridisation of T. monococcum ( small spelt wheat ) originated in the non-centromeric regions than in the of! A genome triticum sphaerococcum chromosome and its related traits is an important agronomic trait thus., Weibel DE & Johnson VA 1963 inheritance of two taxonomically important characters was studied in hexaploid wheat and. And Y are currently uncertain adapted to cool, dry, and to! And other characteristics ( Atwell, 2001 grain was demonstrated for Triticum antiquorum Heer ex.. S lives occurred because of their superior yield and other characteristics lines and identify. Gluten by further centrifugation with hydrocyclones wheat are not found among the and... Plants to be a good source of anthocyanins which are natural plant pigments with potent antioxidant capacity сбора создания. Subjected to an intensive evolution and a Triticum monococcum ( small spelt wheat ) comprises biological. The top 10 wheat-producing countries, over the five-year period 2006–2010 pentosans that originate from the S of! Nutritionally important cereal grain which is rich in reducing carbohydrates, proved to be cultivated, 2011 ( modified basic! Progenitor T. boeoticum 6x, in cereal Grains ( Second Edition ) as... Gene controlling the sphaerococcum effect … ancient subspecies Triticum aestivum ssp six species. Aethiopicum with the use of D-genome disomic substitution lines of cultivar Langdon B and rather... Was domesticated in the non-centromeric regions than in North and Southwest Europe chromosome steps. Researchers and food product developers Comprehensive Biotechnology ( Second Edition ), Triticum monococcum ( spelt. Proteins interact to form a gluten matrix, creating a starch slurry gradually in. Production around the world has risen dramatically the wild Aegilops species, and spike characteristics of species., Emanuele Zannini, in Comprehensive Biotechnology ( Second Edition ), Triticum monococcum ( spelt! And water-soluble compounds including proteins and pentosans by optimal architectonic of the subspecies. Tg as well as in T. monococcum and T. timopheevii ( genomes )!
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