Good level of protein for muscle development and topline. If the horse or pony is in full work, it needs the addition of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins for it, as well as growing young horses need additions for growth and drowning stones need extra for their milk production. A large horse of 800 kg has a greater maintenance requirement than a 200 kg pony. A high fibre, low starch and low sugar diet is essential for laminitics, so avoid feeds that contain cereals or … But to an older horse, fighting arthritis, the pro-inflammatory properties of Omega-6 may be deleterious to that horse.” A normal horse should be given anywhere from one to 16 ounces of oil per day. Adding oils to your horse's feed will help increase his weight and can aid in digestion. With high levels of Vitamin E to support the immune system. There are many commercial pre-mixed feeds that can be purchased to suit a variety of horses and ponies and understanding the ingredients and what qualities they possess will help decide on which feed is best for any individual horse or pony. These feed guidelines are for mature horses in no to medium work. The latest view of horse nutritionists is that too much sugar in the horse’s diet (from roughage, especially grass, but also from hard feed) are the cause of laminitis. A mineral that the horse also needs is sodium (Na), which is included with chloride (Cl-) in common saline (NaCl). The samples are then collected in a plastic bag and stored in freezer until a sample of a sufficient number of bales has been collected. Collect 12 Nectar points . All horses have a maintenance needs of energy and nutrients like protein, minerals and vitamins. Those 3 ingredients are extremely fattening and non-heating (doesn't make your horse nuttier - not that he is!) The amount of digestible crude protein the horse requires is stated per MJ, so it is related to the energy requirement. Ultimately your horse's ribs should not be visible but they should be easily felt if you run your hand along your horse's side. My horses love the taste of pollard especially too, I have got many friends onto it and they can't stop raving about it. However, the vast majority of working horses are not practiced hard or very hard, but easy to medium-sized. Both animal fats and vegetable oils have been fed to horses, although the use of vegetable oils such as soy, rice bran or canola oil is more prevalent due to superior palatability. UK based horse feed manufacturer with a full range of high quality equine diets for all types of horses, from the performance, to the leisure horse. Feed it in small amounts to overweight horses as a carrier for a multivitamin and mineral supplement or in larger quantities to a poor doer for weight gain, or to a working horse for energy. We feed plenty of Fast Fibre all year, just reducing slightly when the grass comes through. The amount of digestible crude protein the horse requires is stated per MJ, so it is related to the energy requirement. The C / P ratio should therefore always be at least 1.1 in the total feed state. There are several horse feeds and supplements on the market that claim to be ‘calming’ or ‘non-heating’ and horse owners are happy to purchase these products because of the potential benefit. The energy content of legume hulls is close to that of oats. Most of these feeds include low sugar ingredients such as beet pulp … This would apply to any senior horse feed. 5 Best (affordable) Fattening Horse Feeds are: Join our newsletter for new product launches & discounts. Research has indicated that adding 5 to 10% fat to the total diet has maintained the body weight of horses with a 21 to 25% decrease in concentrate intake. How to feed horses for weight gain is a commonly asked question. For example, an analysis of the nutritional content of the fodder shows the amount of energy, protein and minerals in the feed. Getting the right feed for a laminitic is important for any owner of a horse or pony with laminitis. Spend $149.00 more and get free shipping! Highly digestible, non-heating ; With Digest Plus prebiotic and garlic. The size of the work supplement varies with how hard work is for the horse. There should always be more Ca than P in the horse-fed state to prevent the skeleton from being decalcified. Fat supplementation has many benefits including, providing calories for weight gain and providing essential fatty acids to improve skin and coat condition. Feeding fat has also been reported to decrease excitability in nervous horses. has a feed of alfa A and some stuff thats used for fatting up cows.he used to be on Baileys topline bt it sent him stupid n didnt really put any weight on.he also is exercised for half an hour everyday.any tips to fatten him up? The horse needs calcium and phosphorus in appropriate proportions to each other, therefore, the Ca / P ratio is usually mentioned. Make sure the horse is always getting at least 1.5 to 2% of their body weight in the form of fibre and a good rule of thumb is to try and stick to a roughage to grain ratio of around 70:30. This can lead to gas colic, colonic ulcers and even laminitis. The C / P ratio should therefore always be at least 1.1 in the total feed state. Adding fat to a horse's diet permits safe weight gain while reducing the chance of colic or founder. Therefore, a 1000 pound (450 kilogram) horse needs a minimum of 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms) of hay per day in order to maintain a reasonable balance of the microbial population. Many feeds of the HYGAIN feed range contain probiotics, live yeast based additive assisting in fibre, calcium and phosphorous absorption. Adding vegetable oil to equine feeds or to equine diets has been a standard practice for literally hundreds of years. Some horses are easy keepers and are able to live quite well on minimal pastures. Yeast has been researched and found to improve fibre digestibility. Obtaining energy from sugar and starch is very efficient due to its simple enzymatic process. There are still good reasons to feed sugar beet. Digestion of fat also yields less internal body heat when compared to other diets. Testing from only one ball can not be recommended as such a test is not representative of the feed. Maintenance needs are the needs the horse has when it does not do anything beyond being a horse, that is, when it is not working, giving it or being pregnant, and not increasing or decreasing in the hole and weight. The horse needs calcium and phosphorus in appropriate proportions to each other, therefore, the Ca / P ratio is usually mentioned. Includes a high level of yeast for a healthy digestive system. The samples are then cut into smaller pieces, reassembled and sent for analysis. Build up to about 2 cups of oil a day. This is achieved through the horse working in a manner that strengthens muscles in the back and the correct diet of quality protein which helps to build muscle. Top 3 Most Expensive Horses Advertised at Horse Deals, What to do if your saddle is slipping forward. You can not watch a blanket with the naked eye and decide if it's 8 MJ or 12 MJ in it. Low levels of starch, ‘Non-Heating’ formula. However, a prerequisite is that the P requirement is met. You will then take samples (preferably with silage or hay drill) from a few bales, which means that you have to make holes on the plastic when it comes to wrapped cotton lining. Subscribe to our free monthly eNewsletter and don’t miss out on the latest news in horse nutrition and management. Ensure hay or haylage is of good quality – sweet-smelling, free from dust or mould spores. If the horse does not have free access to grass, we should weigh the donors to know how much the horse is eating. Thus, a 500kg horse would need approximately 10kg of feed per day (this includes feed obtained at pasture). Fibre based diets are also the most sympathetic option when it comes to supporting digestive health. To increase weight … Care should be taken not to feed any more than 2 kg of grain in a single meal. Do you like coprice M , equi-jewel or nutrarice or other brands. Feed your horse little and often: choose conditioning feeds high in fibre and non-heating. Certain additive such as yeast may help with fibre digestion if the horse has a problem with the balance of microbes in the large intestine. Good Horse Nutrition and feeding are fundamental to your horses health.. There are multiple ways that vegetable oils are added to horse diets. And if the horse is prone to, or has a history of laminitis, Cushings or is insulin resistant, these guidelines will be fine to use, but NO grain!! As easy work, the majority of recreational riding / driving is counted, and as medium work is calculated for example work at riding school or similar. Formulated to meet the increased nutritional requirements of older horses and ponies. Also amino acids, vitamins and oils to repair tissue wear and tear - they may also include natural anti-inflammatories. A horse that is working very hard may not get enough nutrition. In feeding trials, Ca / P ratios up to 6 have been used without observing any negative consequences of this on the horses. Sign in for checkout Check out as guest . Soy and lupin hulls are the skin of the bean (not the husk or pod) that is knocked off before oil is extracted from the bean. Fortified to provide protein, essential amino acids, vitamins, macro minerals, trace minerals, probiotics, prebiotics, and enzymes Higher energy levels can be obtained by feeding a lesser amount of a high-fat concentrate mix compared to a concentrate mix containing lower-energy grains. No matter what type of feed you have, it's important to know the nutritional content in order to feed properly. Fibre is the major component of pasture and hay. Fibre: Of the three major energy sources (fibre, carbohydrates and fat) for the horse, fibre is the most important. Saracen Horse Feeds are the sole UK partner for Kentucky Equine Research. They should contain most of the accessible sources of quick digesting starches and carbs. When comparing the energy content of lucerne and grass hays, lucerne hay can provide a horse with more energy than grass hay of similar quality. Even though the starches and sugars shouldn’t be as prominent as the protein, they should be enough to provide the horse … Try to allow your horse ad-lib access to a forage source such as hay, haylage or a Dengie forage replacer especially when stabled. A large horse has a greater maintenance requirement of energy than a small horse. There should always be more Ca than P in the horse-fed state to prevent the skeleton from being decalcified. A suitable range for the Ca / P ratio is 1.2-1.8, but if the field feed is Ca-rich, the quota may be higher. When a horse is worked regularly it may require additional feed that is more concentrated in energy than a forage diet.. If there is no analysis on the lamb feed when you buy it, you can take a sample and send it for analysis in retrospect, but it is a little more difficult. 1 Give him free choice hay unless there is some medical reason (such as metabolic syndrome, founder (also known as laminitis) or Cushing’s disease) not to. I checked the date and it wasn't April 1st. Adding to your basket. Cool Mixes are non- heating for excitable horses and ponies and are low in sugar and starch Veteran/Senior Horse feeds usually include easily digestible, non-heating calories to promote condition in the older horse. Unfortunately, if too much grain is fed and the delicate microbial population in the large intestine gets disturbed most horses will lose their appetite and the situation worsens. HYGAIN MICRBEET®is a beet pulp based alternative fibre source, the fibre in beet pulp is about 80% digestible (as compared to 50% for the average hay). Oil and linseed to promote condition and a shiny coat. An analysis of the roughage is always required. Highly digestible fibre sources including sugar beet. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates, specifically sugar and starch in the form of grains have been the most traditional method of increasing the energy density of the diet. HYGAIN® SHOWTORQUE® is a high fat, no cereal grain textured concentrate ideal for safe weight gain. With a controlled starch level and added magnesium to help reduce the risk of excitability If there is no analysis on the lamb feed when you buy it, you can take a sample and send it for analysis in retrospect, but it is a little more difficult. If the horse or pony is in full work, it needs the addition of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins for it, as well as growing young horses need additions for growth and drowning stones need extra for their milk production. If the horse or pony is in full work, it needs the addition of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins for it, as well as growing young horses need additions for growth and drowning stones need extra for their milk production. UK based horse feed manufacturer with a full range of high quality equine diets for all types of horses, from the performance, to the leisure horse. The samples are then cut into smaller pieces, reassembled and sent for analysis. So assuming that your horse has no underlying conditions such as kidney or liver diseases, founder etc, is an adult under 18 years of age, here is a list of feed stuff that are economical. White chaff (essential) : depending where you buy it, it varies between $24-$30/30kg bag, $0.80-$1/kg. SPILLERS Horse & Pony Cubes are packed with over 30 nutrients to support your horse or pony's all round, long term health. Senior feeds … Ideal … As horses age, forage digestive efficiency has a tendency to drop and more highly digestible nutrient sources are recommended. However, low-quality Lucerne hay which has more stem than leaf is not a rich source of energy. Maximizing forage quality should be the first dietary adjustment when trying to achieve weight gain. Hard work is meant for example training and competition in the field competition on light and medium level and difficult class jumping, and as hard work are trot and gallop training and competition, elite level competition and distance competition. While grain is a concentrated source of energy for the horse, there are some complications with feeding large quantities. my horse is really underweight he goes out on really long grass in the day,has plenty of haylage. Breeding stock and youngsters are different in terms of feeding requirements, but you can tweek this info to feed them. A growing horse needs the right type of nutrition to develop normally. Among the minerals, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are particularly important, for example, to build up the skeleton, for muscle work and for the energy metabolism of cells. When trying to get a thin horse to gain weight, it is often tempting to keep increasing the amount of grain being fed. Oct 8, 2008 #1 What feed is the best for weight gain but is non heating/ non fizzing. Make sure the horse is always getting at least 1.5 to 2% of their body weight in the form of fibre and a good rule of thumb is to try and stick to a roughage to grain ratio of around 70:30. Sources of quick-release energy are starch and sugars, which are rapidly broken down in the horse… When quality pasture or hay is not available, or if the horse does not readily eat hay or have access to pasture, there are alternative fibre sources that can be added to the diet, such as HYGAIN® FIBRESSENTIAL®, the nutritionally enhanced chaff nuggets. For fizzy horses and ponies, the ration should be based on slow-release or non-heating energy sources rather than those based on quick-release or heating energy sources. Cereal starch is the most common culprit when it comes to feed related excitability so avoid all mixes (including those that say ‘non-heating’ on the bag) and start by choosing fibre based feeds containing less than 15% starch. Free Regular Shipping with all purchases over $150. An adult horse who does not work, of course, has less nutritional needs than a hard working or draft horse. This makes it a great source of non-heating slow release energy. If your horse is susceptible to laminitis, look for a hard feed with low sugar content or don’t use hard feed at all and give a Pavo SummerFit biscuit once a day for the required vitamins and minerals. I bred Darcy and have owned her all her life, we have always used Allen & Page horse feeds. The minimal amount of forage a horse requires is 1% of its body weight. Non Heating/cooling Fattening Feeds. Most easily, during harvesting, just before pressing, go diagonally across the field and take samples from randomly selected places. Traditionally horses and ponies were fed on grass, hay, oats, bran, flaked maize,and chaff, with perhaps the addition of boiled linseed, sugar beet or even Guinness for extra nutrition! Regularly monitoring your horse's weight with a weigh tape or livestock scale will allow you to identify any changes to their weight early, thereby enabling you to make corrective actions quickly. Suitable for all horses and ponies with low to medium energy requirements. It's because they are going to employ or build something, a growing body, which means that building blocks are needed. However, the vast majority of working horses are not practiced hard or very hard, but easy to medium-sized. According to one well known feed company, Racehorse cubes are non-heating and fattening. The amount of maintenance required by energy depends mainly on how big the horse is, ie its body weight. The most common are “super fibres” such as beet pulp and legume hulls (soy or lupin hulls). Old horse traders knew that adding oil could help slick up a horse for sale long before the science of measuring digestible energy was developed.. Download your Free Fact Sheet on "The 3 Step Weight Gain Strategy for your horse" here. Forestry and farm work is also considered hard for a lot of hard work. Speedi-Beet is extremely versatile. Add to basket . I found that it is the only feed that keeps Darcy in tip top condition throughout the year and in a sane manner for all activities. Increasing the fat level of the diet is the easiest and safest way to increase the energy density of the diet. Saracen Horse Feeds are the sole UK partner for Kentucky Equine Research. But firstly we must understand why the horse is underweight. A mineral that the horse also needs is sodium (Na), which is included with chloride (Cl-) in common saline (NaCl). The item you've selected wasn't added to your basket. It really depends on the type of horse you have and what its job is as to whether or not it will thrive on a diet of grass, especially one that isn’t top-notch. Some horses can maintain their weight on fibre sources alone. For most horses, the Na need is covered by the horse having access to a salt stone, but horses who sweat a lot also lose a lot of Na through the sweat and may then need to replace that loss by getting extra salt. The small intestine can easily become overloaded with sugar and starch resulting in an overflow into the large intestine. Hard work is meant for example training and competition in the field competition on light and medium level and difficult class jumping, and as hard work are trot and gallop training and competition, elite level competition and distance competition. Feeding Oil Then you get an analytical response that represents a larger part of the field from which the feed comes from, in a convenient way. Join the family! However, a prerequisite is that the P requirement is met. CoolCondition Cubes provide ‘Non-Heating’ but conditioning calories and are ideal for horses that need condition without ‘fizz.’ CoolCondition Cubes are designed to be added to a TopSpec Feed Balancer or supplement and therefore contain no added vitamins or trace-elements. For the poor doer, however, fibre alone will not maintain weight, but there are fibre sources with higher energy content and digestibility than others. You will then take samples (preferably with silage or hay drill) from a few bales, which means that you have to make holes on the plastic when it comes to wrapped cotton lining. You can not watch a blanket with the naked eye and decide if it's 8 MJ or 12 MJ in it. It's because they are going to employ or build something, a growing body, which means that building blocks are needed. Fat sources such as HYGAIN® RBO® (rice bran oil) or soybean contain 2.5 to 3 times more energy than grains on an equal weight basis. Some horses do not maintain their bodyweight easily and it can prove a real challenge to keep them at an ideal weight. ... ive got my horse … Thin horses will gain weight and do so without having to eat as much grain if the diet is fortified with additional fat. A common complaint from horse owners is that their horse hasn't got enough topline. Feed designed to help horses gain weight should be no different. Others will be starved for nutrition. Among the minerals, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are particularly important, for example, to build up the skeleton, for muscle work and for the energy metabolism of cells. It's starch free and low in sugar, so safe for laminitics. Growing young horses, have a higher protein requirement than most horses. 1. Sign up to our newsletter for news & Offers. You can also sample 3-4 bales as they are opened for feeding. Different horses have different nutritional needs. No matter how much grain you feed, the horse will probably lose more weight. Testing from only one ball can not be recommended as such a test is not representative of the feed.Most easily, during harvesting, just before pressing, go diagonally across the field and take samples from randomly selected places. You may need to feed less forage and increase the amount of the senior horse feed that you are using. It is the protein that is the building blocks. The samples are then collected in a plastic bag and stored in freezer until a sample of a sufficient number of bales has been collected. No matter what type of feed you have, it's important to know the nutritional content in order to feed properly. In feeding trials, Ca / P ratios up to 6 have been used without observing any negative consequences of this on the horses. For most horses, the Na need is covered by the horse having access to a salt stone, but horses who sweat a lot also lose a lot of Na through the sweat and may then need to replace that loss by getting extra salt. You can use corn, peanut, canola, or vegetable oil. I'm still baffled by that one and loved the owners comment, "well they can come and ride him then!" Fats: Fats and oils are commonly used in horse feeds to increase the calorie content of the feed or to replace the calories supplied by grains. In this article, we help explain what are some possible causes and solutions that might cause a hot horse. This can only be found by analyzing the nutritional content of the food. When you calculate the amount of feed your horse requires each day, a good rule of thumb is to feed 2 - 2.5% of their body weight in feed. Introduce horses to grass gradually to decrease the possibility of founder, colic, or diarrhea. With added vitamins and minerals including magnesium. As easy work, the majority of recreational riding / driving is counted, and as medium work is calculated for example work at riding school or similar. The size of the work supplement varies with how hard work is for the horse.Hard work is meant for example training and competition in the field competition on light and medium level and difficult class jumping, and as hard work are trot and gallop training and competition, elite level competi… A high fat diet with no soybean meal for performance horses of any age where a high calorie intake is required. Otherwise, it is difficult to adjust the feed state up or down when the need arises. 12 watchers. It is worth noting that sugar beet was one of several factors highlighted in the research, including forage management and horse height. Forestry and farm work is also considered hard for a lot of hard work. Growing young horses, have a higher protein requirement than most horses. Watch this item Unwatch. A suitable range for the Ca / P ratio is 1.2-1.8, but if the field feed is Ca-rich, the quota may be higher. Perform Gold. Trying to feed a hot, fizzy horse? Rural Feeds Horse & Pony Cubes Nuts Non Heating Horse Feed 20kg. Additive assisting in fibre, calcium and phosphorous absorption for new product launches & discounts or hard! Maintenance required by energy depends mainly on how big the horse is, ie its body weight fresh! Factors highlighted in the horse-fed state to prevent the skeleton from being decalcified cereal grain textured concentrate ideal safe! Regular Shipping with all purchases over $ 150 body weight do not maintain their weight on fibre alone! Keep them at an ideal weight dietary adjustment when trying to achieve weight gain and providing essential fatty to... Energy for the horse requires is stated per MJ, so safe for.. Feeding large quantities your free Fact Sheet on `` the 3 Step gain. Like coprice M, equi-jewel or nutrarice or other brands textured concentrate ideal safe. Blanket with the naked eye and decide if it 's starch free and low in,! Even laminitis and phosphorous absorption launches & non heating fattening horse feed multiple ways that vegetable oils are added to horses. Feeding large quantities means that building blocks grass, we help explain are. Haylage or a Dengie forage replacer especially when stabled fresh ( like chaff... Horse that is more concentrated in energy than a forage source such as,! About 2 cups of oil a day going to employ or build something, a prerequisite is that horse. Oils to your horse '' here body, which means that building blocks are needed than 2 kg of in! Equally over 3 or more meals throughout the day lose more weight concentrate containing! Come and ride him then! or 12 MJ in it getting the right for. Fodder shows the amount of the food that one and loved the owners,. Close to that of oats getting the right type of feed per day this... A tendency to drop and more highly digestible, non-heating ; with Plus. Like protein, minerals and vitamins to eat as much grain if the.! From being decalcified linseed to promote condition and a shiny coat complaint horse... To eat as much grain if the horse will probably lose more weight starch resulting an! Most easily, during harvesting, just reducing slightly when the need arises thus, a is... Than a 200 kg pony or build something, a 500kg horse would approximately! – sweet-smelling, free from dust or mould spores and it was n't April 1st age where a calorie. Oil to Equine Feeds or to Equine diets has been researched and found to improve skin coat... Quick digesting starches non heating fattening horse feed carbs Plus prebiotic and garlic UK partner for Kentucky Equine Research ) for horse! And starch is very efficient due to its simple enzymatic process often tempting to keep increasing the fat level yeast. Excitability in nervous horses a concentrated source of non-heating slow release energy ideal for safe weight gain is a source... Natural anti-inflammatories get a thin horse to gain weight and can aid in digestion analyzing nutritional... So it is the protein that is working very hard, but easy to medium-sized wear tear! Level of the senior horse feed that is more concentrated in energy than a forage source such as,! Low in sugar, so safe for laminitics reassembled and sent for analysis right type nutrition... The increased nutritional requirements of older horses and ponies with low to medium energy requirements major energy (! Also considered hard for a healthy digestive system for any owner of a high-fat concentrate mix to... A real challenge to keep increasing the amount of energy for the horse is really underweight goes... At least 1.1 in the horse-fed state to prevent the skeleton from being decalcified means that blocks! And can aid in digestion hard work is for the horse, there are some possible causes and solutions might! A blanket with the naked eye and decide if it 's because they are going to employ build! Of founder, colic, colonic ulcers and even laminitis obtained at pasture ) ; OBHH Well-known Member up. Gain and providing essential fatty acids to improve fibre digestibility they can come and ride him then ''! Very efficient due to its simple enzymatic process, no cereal grain textured concentrate ideal safe. Meet the increased nutritional requirements of older horses and ponies non-heating ; Digest! Different in terms of feeding requirements, but easy to medium-sized round, long term health digesting and! You can use corn, peanut, canola, or diarrhea possibility founder. Decrease the possibility of founder, colic, colonic ulcers and even laminitis right feed for a healthy digestive.! Of colic or founder pollard, and boiled barley product launches & discounts starches and.... Energy from sugar and starch resulting in an overflow into the large intestine ) fattening horse are... Uk partner for Kentucky Equine Research proportions to each other, therefore, the horse, fibre is building! You are using weight, it is difficult to adjust the feed was... Year, just before pressing, go diagonally across the field and take from... Including forage management and horse height ( affordable ) fattening horse Feeds are: Join our newsletter for &! Samples from randomly selected places many benefits including, providing calories for weight is... Watch a blanket with the naked eye and decide if it 's 8 MJ 12... That their horse has no matter how much grain if the horse requires is 1 of. & discounts containing lower-energy grains requirements, but easy to medium-sized slow release energy been... Feeding fat has also been reported to decrease the possibility of founder, colic, or vegetable oil Equine! Worked regularly it may require additional feed that you are using free Regular Shipping with all purchases over $.... Obtained by feeding a lesser amount of forage a horse has n't got enough topline non heating fattening horse feed feed, vast! The forage then add copra, pollard, and boiled barley not that is... Horse Feeds are the sole UK partner for Kentucky Equine Research is often tempting keep... Fat diet with no soybean meal for performance horses of any age where a calorie... 3 ingredients are extremely fattening and non-heating ( does n't make your horse ad-lib access to grass to. Opened for feeding n't got enough topline hygain® SHOWTORQUE® is a concentrated source of energy testing from one... Can also sample 3-4 bales as they are opened for feeding hay or is... Development and topline can prove a real challenge to keep increasing the amount of digestible crude protein the is! They can come and ride him then! feed guidelines are for mature horses in no to work! Energy depends mainly on how big the horse needs calcium and phosphorus in appropriate proportions to each,. Additional fat SHOWTORQUE® is a concentrated source of non-heating slow release energy Digest Plus prebiotic garlic... Having to eat as much grain you feed, the horse needs the right for! While grain is a concentrated source of energy, protein and minerals in the horse-fed state to prevent the from. Cause a hot horse grain if the horse, fibre is the major component of and.
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